Virtual Water Flow and Water Footprint Assessment of an Arid Region: A Case Study of South Khorasan Province, Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Virtual Water Content of Crops
2.3.2. Virtual Water Content of Livestock Products
2.3.3. Virtual Water Transfer and Water Footprint Accounting
2.3.4. Sustainability Assessment of Agriculture
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Virtual Water Content Estimates
3.2. Virtual Water Transfer
3.3. Water Footprint of Counties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Commodity Group | Commodities | Short Name |
---|---|---|
Crops | Wheat, barley, maize, alfalfa, millet | Cereals |
Chickpea, mung bean, bean, lentil | Legumes | |
Potato, sugar beet, turnip, cotton | Fiber crops | |
Tomato, onion, cucumber, eggplant, zucchini, sweet melon, watermelon, garlic, cantaloupe | Vegetables | |
Apple, pear, quince, sour cherry, cherry, plum, peach, apricot, table grape, pistachio, almond, walnut, carrot | Fruits | |
Sesame, sunflower | Oilseeds | |
Livestock | The meat of sheep, goat, camel, and beef cows | Beef |
The meat of broiler hens | Chicken | |
Egg of laying hens | Egg | |
Honey | Honey | |
Milk of sheep, goat, camel, and dairy cows | Milk |
Crops | Livestock | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regions | Cereals | Legumes | Fiber Crops | Vegetables | Fruits | Oilseeds | Beef | Chicken | Egg | Honey | Milk |
Birjand | 3841 | 10756 | 2752 | 1018 | 4320 | 20432 | 26956 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.15 | 5868 |
Boshrooye | 2936 | 9032 | 2529 | 695 | 5644 | 11145 | 26057 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.15 | 5577 |
Darmian | 3876 | 12587 | 1163 | 1004 | 5266 | 10446 | 29278 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.37 | 6621 |
Ferdows | 2810 | 10826 | 2386 | 801 | 3715 | 10733 | 26395 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.19 | 5671 |
Khusf | 3238 | 14083 | 3595 | 1527 | 5345 | 18096 | 29050 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.22 | 6507 |
Nehbandan | 5093 | 20613 | 4061 | 863 | 5202 | 16099 | 34977 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.15 | 8443 |
Qaen | 2611 | 6579 | 2456 | 910 | 3767 | 8976 | 24987 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.10 | 5236 |
Sarayan | 3460 | 13446 | 3006 | 1020 | 5699 | 13719 | 29269 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.15 | 6591 |
Sarbishe | 3516 | 14795 | 3403 | 891 | 5897 | 11861 | 29034 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.10 | 9505 |
Tabas | 3139 | 6654 | 1789 | 447 | 4505 | 8559 | 25593 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.24 | 5438 |
Zirkuh | 4005 | 12614 | 9375 | 1127 | 6216 | 14813 | 30614 | 4020 | 8213 | 0.11 | 7068 |
Rank | Import | Export | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Birjand | 551 | Qaen | 235 |
2 | Zirkuh | 121 | Boshrooye | 164 |
3 | Nehbandan | 117 | Khusf | 149 |
4 | Darmian | 94 | Sarbishe | 132 |
5 | Qaen | 83 | Sarayan | 115 |
6 | Tabas | 59 | Birjand | 111 |
7 | Ferdows | 55 | Darmian | 105 |
8 | Khusf | 47 | Nehbandan | 72 |
9 | Sarbishe | 44 | Ferdows | 72 |
10 | Sarayan | 12 | Tabas | 33 |
11 | Boshrooye | 3 | Zirkuh | 31 |
Crops | Birjand | Boshrooye | Darmian | Ferdows | Khusf | Nehbandan | Qaen | Sarayan | Sarbishe | Tabas | Zirkouh | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Dp (1000 ton) | −33.8 | 27.2 | −5.5 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 2.4 | −2.2 | 24.12 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 101.0 | 0.0 | 21.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.9 | 131.10 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 79.9 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 14.7 | 3.6 | 24.8 | 32.2 | 31.4 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 199.41 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −101.0 | 79.9 | −21.2 | 8.3 | 14.7 | 3.6 | 24.8 | 32.2 | 31.4 | 4.5 | −8.9 | 68.31 | |
Legumes | Dp (1000 ton) | −1.0 | 0.0 | −0.2 | −0.2 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.4 | 0.0 | −0.2 | −0.3 | −0.2 | −2.70 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 10.8 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 28.87 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.03 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −10.8 | 0.3 | −2.8 | −2.1 | −1.1 | −4.8 | −2.5 | 0.3 | −2.4 | −0.5 | −1.9 | −28.84 | |
Fiber crops | Dp (1000 ton) | −49.5 | 6.4 | −1.9 | −9.8 | −5.1 | −11.7 | 12.6 | 0.7 | −1.2 | −15.4 | −7.2 | −82.10 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 136.2 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 23.4 | 18.5 | 47.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 15.5 | 67.2 | 314.58 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 16.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 49.24 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −136.2 | 16.2 | −2.2 | −23.4 | −18.5 | −47.6 | 31.0 | 2.0 | −4.0 | −15.5 | −67.2 | −265.33 | |
Vegetables | Dp (1000 ton) | −59.8 | 20.6 | −11.5 | −8.3 | −4.4 | −8.1 | −19.1 | −0.3 | −5.4 | −6.6 | 9.8 | −93.14 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 60.9 | 0.0 | 11.5 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 17.4 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 116.26 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 25.38 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −60.9 | 14.3 | −11.5 | −6.6 | −6.8 | −7.0 | −17.4 | −0.3 | −4.8 | −0.9 | 11.1 | −90.88 | |
Fruits | Dp (1000 ton) | −37.9 | −0.5 | −8.5 | −3.7 | −2.6 | −8.2 | −13.3 | −0.9 | −4.4 | −10.9 | −4.6 | −95.65 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 163.8 | 2.7 | 45.0 | 13.8 | 14.1 | 42.5 | 50.2 | 5.1 | 26.2 | 30.4 | 28.8 | 422.61 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −163.8 | −2.7 | −45.0 | −13.8 | −14.1 | −42.5 | −50.2 | −5.1 | −26.2 | −30.4 | −28.8 | −422.61 | |
Oilseeds | Dp (1000 ton) | −3.1 | 0.1 | −0.7 | −0.6 | −0.4 | −0.8 | −1.4 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.9 | −0.5 | −9.18 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 64.2 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 12.8 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 7.9 | 130.12 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.91 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −64.2 | 0.9 | −7.6 | −6.4 | −7.0 | −12.2 | −12.8 | −4.0 | −6.2 | −1.9 | −7.9 | −129.20 |
Livestock | Birjand | Boshrooye | Darmian | Ferdows | Khusf | Nehbandan | Qaen | Sarayan | Sarbishe | Tabas | Zirkouh | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beef | Dp (1000 ton) | −0.53 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 1.18 | 1.47 | 2.02 | 1.20 | 1.08 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 9.34 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 14.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 14.41 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.00 | 23.51 | 23.79 | 17.47 | 34.24 | 51.37 | 50.37 | 35.12 | 31.30 | 6.22 | 9.53 | 282.92 | |
VWB (Mm3) | −14.41 | 23.51 | 23.79 | 17.47 | 34.24 | 51.37 | 50.37 | 35.12 | 31.30 | 6.22 | 9.53 | 268.51 | |
Chicken | Dp (1000 ton) | 7.22 | −0.11 | 6.39 | 1.05 | 3.98 | 0.53 | 3.78 | 0.30 | 3.92 | −1.16 | −0.66 | 25.24 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.65 | 2.66 | 7.77 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 29.04 | 0.00 | 25.71 | 4.24 | 15.99 | 2.12 | 15.18 | 1.20 | 15.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 109.24 | |
VWB (Mm3) | 29.04 | −0.46 | 25.71 | 4.24 | 15.99 | 2.12 | 15.18 | 1.20 | 15.77 | −4.65 | −2.66 | 101.47 | |
Egg | Dp (1000 ton) | 0.68 | 0.04 | −0.51 | −0.31 | 0.10 | −0.33 | 0.32 | −0.32 | 1.78 | −0.64 | −0.40 | 0.43 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.17 | 2.57 | 0.00 | 2.67 | 0.00 | 2.59 | 0.00 | 5.25 | 3.26 | 20.51 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 5.57 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 14.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24.05 | |
VWB (Mm3) | 5.57 | 0.30 | −4.17 | −2.57 | 0.85 | −2.67 | 2.66 | −2.59 | 14.66 | −5.25 | −3.26 | 3.55 | |
Honey | Dp (1000 ton) | −0.13 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.44 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
VWB (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Milk | Dp (1000 ton) | 13.09 | 5.10 | 8.34 | 7.35 | 12.86 | 1.81 | 21.26 | 6.63 | 6.01 | 4.09 | 1.51 | 88.04 |
GVWI (Mm3) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
GVWE (Mm3) | 76.82 | 28.47 | 55.20 | 41.66 | 83.68 | 15.28 | 111.31 | 43.70 | 39.10 | 22.22 | 10.64 | 528.08 | |
VWB (Mm3) | 76.82 | 28.47 | 55.20 | 41.66 | 83.68 | 15.28 | 111.31 | 43.70 | 39.10 | 22.22 | 10.64 | 528.08 |
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Share and Cite
Qasemipour, E.; Abbasi, A. Virtual Water Flow and Water Footprint Assessment of an Arid Region: A Case Study of South Khorasan Province, Iran. Water 2019, 11, 1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091755
Qasemipour E, Abbasi A. Virtual Water Flow and Water Footprint Assessment of an Arid Region: A Case Study of South Khorasan Province, Iran. Water. 2019; 11(9):1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091755
Chicago/Turabian StyleQasemipour, Ehsan, and Ali Abbasi. 2019. "Virtual Water Flow and Water Footprint Assessment of an Arid Region: A Case Study of South Khorasan Province, Iran" Water 11, no. 9: 1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091755