Authors
Christopher W Peterson, Wladimir A Benalcazar, Taylor L Hughes, Gaurav Bahl
Publication date
2018/3/14
Journal
Nature
Volume
555
Pages
346-350
Description
The theory of electric polarization in crystals defines the dipole moment of an insulator in terms of a Berry phase (geometric phase) associated with its electronic ground state,. This concept not only solves the long-standing puzzle of how to calculate dipole moments in crystals, but also explains topological band structures in insulators and superconductors, including the quantum anomalous Hall insulator, and the quantum spin Hall insulator,,, as well as quantized adiabatic pumping processes,,. A recent theoretical study has extended the Berry phase framework to also account for higher electric multipole moments, revealing the existence of higher-order topological phases that have not previously been observed. Here we demonstrate experimentally a member of this predicted class of materials—a quantized quadrupole topological insulator—produced using a gigahertz-frequency reconfigurable microwave circuit …
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